Author

 

Dr Alanou, Maria, PhD, University Catholic of Milan,

 

Abstract and title to be added tomorrow.

 

 
 
 
 

 

Author

 
Bakhitah B, Abdul-Ra'uf. Ph.D
Department of Criminal Justice
PO Box 6934
Radford University
Radford, VA  24142
Tele: 1.540.831.6338
Fax:  1.540.831.6075

 

 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Police/African American Communituy Relations and Racial
Profiling: An Anthropological Study."
 
Abstract
 
The police subculture, one that has its own customs, morals andtaboos---tend to ostracize and exclude those who do not conform to its valuesand views.  For this reason, American police departments continue to have organizational problems which negatively affect the relationshipdepartments are able to develop with many communities being served.
Through training, new recruits are socialized into an occupation where shared patterns of behavior, values, attitudes, and beliefs are distinct.
This paper examines the police, its subculture, and  the socially defined role of the police toward many African American communities.  This role from the insiders point of view and their definition of reality, is
related to the lack of effectiveness of officers assigned to various minority communities.
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Author :

 

Jana ARSOVSKA

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

&

Mark CRAIG

Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia

 

‘Honourable’ Behaviour and the Conceptualisation of Violence in Ethnic Based Organised Crime Groups: An Examination of the Albanian Kanun and the Code of the Chinese Triads

 

Abstract

 

Within Albania and China and their respective Diasporas a history of extreme violence, both official and unofficial, is readily identifiable but not necessarily easily understood from a Western perspective.  Over the course of centuries both societies have experienced considerable turmoil and both countries in the 20th century  spent decades under the secretive and subsequently disastrous communist dictatorships of Enver Hohxa (1944-1985) and Mao Zedong (1949-1976). 

However, acts of violence per se should be interpreted within their historical and cultural contexts.  As both societies experienced considerable internecine, feuding, and all manner of deprivations and oppressions under the governance and proclamations of their various rulers, it may not be surprising in many respects that their subjects became inured to violence.   But this does not necessarily explain acts of collective brutality in contemporary society because Albania and China were not the only countries to have had such experiences.  Indeed many societies have equally harrowing historical legacies, but the violence perpetrated by their organised crime actors does not necessarily equate to that of the Albanians and Chinese.  Therefore perhaps one explanation may be found in some other compelling dynamics, such as for example ancient prescribed codes of conduct incorporating what some Western observers may conceptually construe as ‘extreme violence’.

This paper will endeavour to elucidate a nexus between two ancient instruments associated with ‘excessive violence’ that have survived throughout the centuries and directly link them to the violent behaviour of the contemporary Albanian and Chinese organised crime groups.  The paper will explore from an historical and cultural perspective why Albanian and Chinese organised crime groups have come to be regarded as ‘ultra-violent’ actors.  Specifically it will examine the 15th century Albanian legal code known as the Kanun of Lek Dukagjini, and the 17th century code of the Chinese Hung Mun (Triad Society).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Author

 

 Professor Dr. Yakov Gilinskiy

St. Petersburg, Russia

 

Problems of Inclusion and Exclusion in contemporary Russia

 

Abstract

 

There is the new global social situation: the tendency to divide people and societies into included and excluded. "Included" are the personalities, which included in the functional system. "Excluded" can only be individuals, who not included in the functional system, they only exist. The central notion of “late” conception “inclusion/exclusion” is “break of social connections”.

         The process inclusion/exclusion exists between countries and between people inside some countries. Contradiction between included/excluded countries is increasing and possibility of war conflicts and terrorism increasing too. The excluded people constitute the social basis of criminality and deviance. The excluded people are in need of social help, support, psychological and medical assistance.

         Social and economic inequality is one of the biggest criminogenic factors. Repressive social control is the best means of exclusion. It is especially through the problem of selection in the police and criminal justice.

         Social-economic inequality is a main cause of poverty. Poverty is the first main cause for social exclusion. Personal disorder is the second main cause for exclusion. The waste of social connection is the third cause for exclusion.

         There is the ever-growing economic polarization of the population in Russia.  Technological backwardness and the incompetence of the domestic production and service sectors have manifested themselves in the course of the reforms. A consequence of this is the inferiority complex of employees, their de-qualification, and marginalization. More than 50% of the Russian population is excluded. The social policy of the Russian government is very bad. The situation about all types of excluded in Russia get worse and worse.

 

 

 

Author

 

Dr Thomas Albert Gilly

ERCES

 

Abstract

 

 

Cartoon Ethics

 

The paper addresses the nature of the ethical problems that are involved in the „Phrophet Cartoon Affaire.It discusses, in a critical manner, the arguments pro and contra. The intership between fundamentals of religious and of laic and modern political ethics is a major concern of the paper. Laity, liberty of opinion, liberty of the pres and human rights are topics to be discussed.

The originality of the paper consists of an interpretation scheme that points at the deviant interpretation schemes of the inherent ethical fundamentals of western democratic and liberal society.

The paper is not an intellectual apologize for Islamic fascism, rather it is a critique of the deviant exploitation of the ethical fundamentals that are used to support and to legitimize the reaction against Islamic fundamentalism.

 

 

 

 

Author

 
Dr Sheryll van Horme, Ph.D
Radford University
 
 
 
 
Crime and Rural Life: A Test of Social Disorganization Theory in
Virginia and West Virginia Counties
 
 Abstract:
 
Historically there has been very little attention given to crimes in rural areas. This study examines what effect 'rurality' has on structural explanations of crime and applies variables related to social disorganization at the county level, while controlling for 'rurality' and examining the role that 'rurality' plays. 
It has long since been assumed that social disorganization theory applies to urban areas, but logic dictates that structural concerns can also affect rural areas. 
This study examines both traditional measures of social disorganization theory, as well as variables related to the systemic reformulation of social disorganization theory, using 2000 U.S. Census data, Voter Participation Data, and the FBI's 2000 Uniform Crime Reports. 
The specific structural concerns that are measured include: family disruption, unemployment, poverty, and community cohesion/participation.  
 
 
 
 
Author
Vladimir Iliev
Academy of Science, University of Sofia
 
The communicative risk in "ordinary language". Implicit approach to the risk communicative situations as  sources of criminal and diverting behaviour
 
Abstract:
 
It is analyzed in the report how the individual elements of the communicative situation in the direct interpersonal communication are evaluated from the point of view of their risk potential. Their designation, the preliminary expectations and their subordination at the level of the topical social reality marks the margins of the potential threats of diverting and criminal behaviour. The preventive measures for overcoming the passivity towards the criminal and diverting behaviour include limiting the adjustment in the persons with criminal and diverting behaviour for the “good” risk and decreasing the fear in the remaining part of people from the “bad” risk.
 
 

Author

 

 Michelle Jeffrey , PhD

University: Department of Criminology, The University of Melbourne

 




Ethnic minority youth and juvenile justice in Victoria, Australia: An analysis of the construction of difference

Abstract:


Ethnic minority youth create new challenges for juvenile justice within Australia in terms of how young offenders are responded to. The ways in which ethnicity is acknowledged is central to how the young people themselves are viewed and ultimately how they experience the juvenile justice system.

This presentation is based on interviews with juvenile justice workers and case file analysis. It explores some key issues which help account for why young offenders from ethnic minority backgrounds risk being categorized and responded to in terms of their difference.

 
 
 
Author
 
Dr Marina Luptakova, Institute of Criminology and Social Prevention, Prag
 
Levinas / Yannaras / Sigov: Concept of Otheness.  Ontology end Ethics.
Abstract
(to be added tomorrow)
 
 
The category of the Other (the category of ˜otherness”, in the widest sense of the word: the “alterité”, bears key significance in re-thinking the fundamental notions of ontology and anthropology. 
The relation to the Other is a topic that is most appropriately represented by a series of confrontations of standpoints on the interconnection of ontology and ethics. In contemporary philosophy, this topic is particularly related to Heidegger’s analysis of fundamental ontology, the critique of Greek metaphysics and contemporary theories of the ˜disappearance of man”. 
In the course of the past half century or more, these thoughts have been remarkably elaborated in the works of Emmanuel Levinas (“Entre nous. Essais sur le penser-à - l’autre; Totalitité et infini”), of Joun D. Zizioula (“The Metropolitan of Pergamus (Being as Communion”), also in the works of the contemporary Greek theologian and philosopher Christos Yannaras (“The Person and the Eros”), of Vladimir Lossky (“A Theological Concept of the Human Person”) and of Constantin Sigov whose works are quoted and commented in various philosophical journals and reviews (e.g. “The Problem of Rupture Between Ontology and Ethics in Contemporary Humanities”;  Alfa i Omega, No. 2(32), Moscow 2002, which is az key-reference with regards to the discussion   of these topics).
 
 
 

Author

 

Dr Denise Martin

Criminology

Middlesex University

London

2006

 

 

 

 

Achieving Ethical Policing-A Perspective from the UK

 

Abstract

 

In 2001 the Council of Europe published a code of ethics emphasising the importance of ethical policing. Increasingly governments have been required to examine the operation of their police services to ensure that they are operating in an ethical manner.  An example of this is the introduction of the European Convention of Human Rights which applies to public agencies.  Conversely introducing ethical policing is a complex process particularly in the police service with their unique position of authority over the public.  This paper aims to examine the increasing importance of ethical policing, focusing primarily on the UK perspective.  It will explore the conflicts that exist in implementing ethical policing practice by examining two key developments the professionalisation of policing and the performance culture that continues to pervade UK police services.

 

 

 

 

 

Author

 

Dr .Miroslav Scheinost. Director

 

Abstract

 

Social Consciousness and the Growth of Crime

 

Paper tries to analyze the relationship between the social values and the character and level of crime rate. The example of the Czech Republic, as “society in transition” is used. Analyze is based on the results of the surveys on the social consciousness of the Czech society on the one side and on the statistics of crime rate and on the results of victimological research studies on the other side. 

 

 

Authors

 

Professor Dr Eli B; Silverman and Susan Tackel, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, USA

 

 

 

THE NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT’S  COMPSTAT MODEL: THE INTERNATIONAL IMPACT

 

 

 

 Abstract

 

 

The NYPD Compstat model has revolutionized the way policing is accomplished in many democratic countries. Many agencies throughout the world have emulated the Compstat program which originated in New York City in 1994.

 

This presentation addresses: the essential elements of Compstat: its approach; its crime reduction and managerial strengths; and drawbacks which center on community relations, officer stress, data manipulation, and inadequacies in problem solving.

 

 

Author

 

Dr Gregor Urbas

Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC)

 

“CRIMINALISING COMPUTER MISCONDUCT: SOME LEGAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS”

 

 

 

Abstract:

 

 

 

The dark side of computer-related technology includes computer misconduct such as unauthorised access to data or services (“hacking”, “denial of service” attacks), dissemination of harmful computer programs (via computer “viruses”, “worms” and other malicious code), unwanted or abusive e-mail (including bulk advertising or “spam”), offensive pornographic or racist material, online defamation or stalking, various Internet scams, fake websites and so on.  Some, but by no means all, of this misconduct is criminal, depending on the particular laws in force in each country.  Legislation may be either deficient, in not extending to computer misuse, or too broad, in criminalising too much or punishing wrongdoers too severely.  Enforcement problems largely arise from the gathering of electronic evidence and the cross-border nature of much cybercrime.  Philosophically, it can be difficult to identify the interests sought to be protected by criminalisation, and indeed, some emergent online interests may yet be unidentified.  These problems also have a social aspect, as it needs to be clarified which community is involved in computer misconduct, particularly where global communication using the Internet is involved, and how the community interest is best protected.  Criminal enforcement is one approach, but other measures such as technological protection, consumer awareness and community education are also important.